《语言学概论》试题（一）
I. Define the following special terms.
1. language
2. morpheme
3. semantics
4. neurolinguistics
5. pidgin
II. What does each of the following shortened forms stand for?
1. CAI →
2. WTO →
3. VIP →
4. IBM →
5. VOA →
III. Draw a tree diagram of the following sentences by using N. Chomsky's theory.
The computer fell down.
IV. Work out the metrical pattern in the following lines.
a. Then say not Man's imperfect, Heaven in fault
________________
b. When in disgrace with for tune and men’s eyes
I all alone be weep my outcast state (Sonnet 29)
_
V. Work out the rhyme scheme of the following poem.
William Shakespeare-Sonnet 149
Canst thou, O cruel! say I love thee not,
When I against myself with thee partake?
Do I not think on thee, when I forgot
Am of myself, all tyrant, for thy sake?
Who hateth thee that I do call my friend?
On whom frown'st thou that I do fawn upon?
Nay, if thou lour'st on me, do I not spend
Revenge upon myself with present moan?
What merit do I in myself respect,
That is so proud thy service to despise,
When all my best doth worship thy defect,
Commanded by the motion of thine eyes?
But, love, hate on, for now I know thy mind;
Those that can see thou lovest, and I am blind.
Rhyme scheme: ______________________________________
VI. Translate the following extract of a piece of linguistic theoretical writing into Chinese.
The Department of Linguistics offers B.A. programmes in linguistics, as well as combined programmes with languages other than English and with Philosophy, as shown in the Programmes of Study.
In addition to the undergraduate curriculum within the Department of Linguistics, there are courses relating to linguistics offered in other departments, such as the language departments, Anthropology, Computer Science, Mathematics, Philosophy, and Psychology, and in the Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence programme.
Woodsworth College students should note that most of the summer and evening courses available to them are offered on a rotating basis only. Consequently, students wishing to take such courses should enroll in them at the earliest opportunity after completing the necessary prerequisites.
The Department offers M.A. and Ph.D. programmes in two areas of specialization: Theoretical Linguistics and Linguistic Variation. Students seeking information should contact the Graduate Coordinator, Prof. Elan Dresher (Robarts Library 6075).
VII. Describe your own language learning experience from the perspective of one of the following three classical linguistic theories.
1. Comprehensible Input
2. Concept of Interlanguage
3. The influence of mother tongue on English learning
《语言学概论》试题（二）
Chapter I Introduction
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.
5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.
7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.
10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.
11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.
14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.
15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.
20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.
22.Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
24.Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.
26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
29.Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive B. analytic
C. descriptive D. linguistic
32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement
C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary B. correct
C. secondary D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic B. diachronic
C. prescriptive D. comparative
36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociological
C. applied… pragmatic D.semantic and linguistic
37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole B. performance
C. langue D. Language
38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.
A. sense B. sounds
C. objects D. ideas
39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement B. duality
C. flexibility D. cultural transmission
40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.
A. learning B. teaching
C. books D. both A and B
IV. Define the following terms:
41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics
45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics
48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics
51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity
54. Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features
57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 Parole
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.
62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
67. How do you understand competence and performance ?
68. Saussure's distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
语言学概论试题（三）
一单项选择题
⒈语言是由（）构成的系统。
①词和语音②语义和语法③词和语法规则④语音和语法规则
⒉现代汉语的“葡”和“玻”，（）。
①两个都是词②两个都不是词
③前一个是词，后一个不是词④后一个是词，前一个不是词
⒊一个词可以有一系列不同的反义词，这是因为这个词是（）。
①同义词②同形同音词③异形同音词④多义词
⒋在现代汉语中，（）可以区分词的语音形式。
①[A][a] ②[p][p] ③[v][w] ④[e][ ]
⒌语言是一种（）现象。
①个人②个人心理③社会④自然
⒍[e]是一个（）元音。
①前高不圆唇②前半高圆唇③前半高不圆唇④前半低不圆唇
⒎下列名词中，（）有词义吞并的现象。
①长江②土地③质量④人民
⒏汉语拼音中声母和韵母的关系是（）。
①组合关系②聚合关系③字母拼写关系④意义关系
⒐属于粘着语的语言有（）。
①俄语②汉语③日语④英语
⒑语言中最小的符号是（）。
①词②音素③语素④音位
⒒词义的核心是（）。
①词汇意义②语法意义③附加色彩④理性意义
⒓“船头”这个词采用的构词方式是（）。
①词根加词缀②前缀加词根③后缀加词根④改变读音
⒔普通话以北京语音为标准音，是（）。
①历届政府规定的②大多数同意的③从清朝开始的④历史上形成的
⒕文字（）。
①起源于图画②起源于图画仅仅限于汉字
③早期就是图画④与图画没有关系
⒖思维对于人类来说，（）。
①既有共同性的一面，也有民族特点②大体是共同的，民族特点并不多
③是共同的没有民族性④不存在共同性只有民族性
二多项选择题（多选、少选、错选，均不给分）
⒈北京话中有把脑袋读成[naut ]的，这是一种（）。
①音位变体②读音错误③语流音变现象④同化现象⑤弱化现象
⒉语法单位包括（）。
①句子②词组③词④语素⑤音位
⒊下列词中属于派生词的有（）。
①老房子②老朋友③老师④老弟⑤老鼠
⒋英语和俄语（）。
①是亲属语言②同出一源③同属一个语族
②④不属于一个语族⑤都来源于拉丁语
三解释题
⒈借词⒉共同语⒊词的词汇意义⒋黑话
四判断分析题（先判断正误，然后简述理由）
⒈“洋泾浜”是当地人没有学好的外语，是外语在当地语言影响下出现的变种，它是没有任何发展前途的。
⒉汉语拼音字母是一种音标。
⒊所谓“方言”，就是指地域方言。
五简答题
⒈为什么说独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句是儿童学话中的关键两步？
⒉以汉语“菜”、“瓦”、“步”为例，分析词义演变的几种结果。
3.人们根据什么可以知道语音的发展。
六论述题
⒈词义的概括性有哪三个重要的表现形式？请举例说明。
⒉语言和说话的区别和联系何在？
语言学概论试题(四)
一单项选择题
1 （）是说话和表达思想的工具。
①思维②文字③语音④语言
2 语言是一种（）。
①自然现象②个人现象③社会现象④正常现象
3 认识现实世界是动脑筋的过程是（）。
①思想②思维③语言④文字
4 语言符号的本质是（）。
①线条性②任意性③约定俗成④征候
5 语言是一种分层装置，这种装置的底层是一套（）。
①字母②音位③笔划④音节
6“我看书。”在“我”的位置上，可以换成“他、小王、老师、人们”等。“我”与这些词之间的关系属于（）。
①组合关系②聚合关系③动宾关系④主谓关系
7 抽象思维的能力和灵活的发音能力相结合，表现为（）。
①聪明的才智②潜在的能力③人类的语言能力④超级智慧
8 国际音标是国际语音协会于（）年制定并开始使用的。
①1905 ②1945 ③1887 ④1888
9 语音具有（）要素。
①二②三③四④五
10 语音和辅音共同构成（）。
①音素②音节③拼音④拉丁字母
11 最大的语法单位是( ).
①段落②句子③词组④词
12 英语里，“china”是“中国”的意思，因为瓷器是从中国去的，因而可以用“china”指“中国”的词义的引申方式叫做（）。
①隐喻②夸张③换喻④比拟
13 在我国，相传汉字是由（）造的。
①荀卿②许慎③段玉裁④仓颉
14 地域方言的差别，主要表现在（）上。
①词汇②语法③语音④文字
15 （）属于亲属语言。
①汉语和藏语②汉语和日语③日语和藏语④汉语和朝鲜语
16 伦敦方言成为英吉利共同语的基础方言是由于（）的原因。
①政治②经济③文化④主观愿望
17 英语的beer,汉语译为“啤酒”，这种类型的外来词叫做（）。
①音译②意译③音译加意译④仿译
18 （）是不同语言统一为一种语言的基本形式。
①语言的接触②语言的融合③语言的发展④语言的分化
19 在语言学中，“pidgin”这个单词是指（）。
①鸽子②洋泾浜③商业④外来语
20 词语替换的特点是（）。
①知识改变某类现实现象的名称②现实现象本身发生了变化
③名称和现实现象都发生了变化④名称和现实现象都没有发生变化
二多项选择题（多选、少选、错选，均无分。）
1 兼用表意、表音两种方法的文字，叫意音文字。下面属于意音文字的有（）。①圣书字②钉头字③玛雅文④汉字⑤梵语
2 人们所使用的交际工具有（）。
①语言②文字③旗语④红绿灯⑤电报代码
3 常见的语流音变有（）。
①连续②脱落③弱化④脱落⑤同化
4 各种基本语法结构的语法意义必须通过一定的语法形式才能体现出来。提供语法形式的主要是（）。
①虚词②句法③词序④词性变化⑤选词
5语言发展的特点是（）。
①渐变性②突变性③能产性④全民性⑤不平衡性
三名词解释题
1 思维
2组合关系
3语法单位
4意音文字
四判断分析题（判断正误，将正确的划上“∨”，错误的划上“×”，并简述理由。）
1 语言等于说话。
2 儿童学习语言的过程分为两个阶段：独词句阶段和双词句阶段。
3征候就是符号。
4 一般说来，口腔的不同形状决定了元音的差别。
五简答题
1 怎样理解语言是人类最重要的交际工具？
2人类为什么要用符号来交际？
3怎样分析音位？
六论述题
1 试述语言符号的任意性和线条性。
2 语音演变的规律性有哪些特点？试举例说明。
语言学概论试题（五）
一单项选择题；
1．盐“巴”中的“巴”属于（）。
①词根②词尾 ③词干④后缀
２．多义词的中心意义与本义（ ）。
①完全一致 ②在多数词中一致 ③在少数词中一致 ④完全不一致
３．语言是由（ ）够成的系统。
①词组和句子 ②语义和语法 ③词汇和语法 ④组合规则和聚和规则
４．孤立语最重要的特点是（ ）。
①有词形变化 ②没有词形变化 ③词序不严格 ④虚词的作用不大
５．语言符号音义之间的关系（ ）。
①具有线条性的特点 ②具有任意性的特点 ③是一种组合关系 ④是一种聚合关系
６．语言是一种（ ）现象。
①个人 ②个人心理 ③社会 ④自然
7．词的理性意义（ ）以现实现象为基础。
①必须 ②大多数 ③少数 ④可以不
8.英语的sing→sang 采用的语法手段是（ ）。
①加词尾 ②变换重音的位置 ③加词缀 ④词根内部音素的变化
9.语法的组合规则包括（ ）。
①词法和句法 ②构词法和语法范畴 ③句法和形态 ④内部屈折和词序
10.语音可以从它的（ ）属性方面去进行研究。
①历史 ②阶级 ③自然 ④美学
11.英语同义词few（少）和little（少）的主要不同点是（ ）不同。
①强调的重点和方面 ②搭配习惯 ③感情色彩 ④风格色彩
12.对于拉丁字母来说（ ）是它的子语。
①匈牙利语 ②英语 ③法语 ④俄语
13.“超人”一词属于（ ）。
①基本词汇里的词 ②借词 ③仿译词 ④方言词
14.在汉语普通话中，（ ）之间存在着互补关系。
①［t］[s] ②[u][y] ③[a][e] ④[m][ ]
15.共同语的基础是建立在（ ）之上的。
①一种方言 ②书面语言 ③文学语言 ④统治者所用的语言
二 多项选择题（多选、少选、错选均无分）
⒈一组同义词里面各个词的意义（ ）。
①具有重叠关系 ②具有对立关系 ③往往同中有异 ④异中有同 ⑤完全没有反义因素
⒉基本词汇最重要的特点是（ ）。
①具有反义因素 ②全民常用 ③具有一大批同义词
④具有稳固性 ⑤有较强的够词能力
⒊发元音［i］时，（ ）。
①要圆唇 ②不用圆唇 ③舌位靠前 ④舌位半高 ⑤舌位高
⒋汉语中沙发这个词（ ）。
①包含有两个语素 ②只包含一个语素 ③应当被看成是一个词组
④是一个单纯词 ⑤是一个复合词
三、解释题
⒈非音质音位⒉复合词⒊词尾⒋区别特征
四 判断分析题（判断正误并说明理由）
⒈在语言的发展过程中，语音的发展速度最快。
⒉在语言的融和中，统治民族的语言最终会取代被统治民族的语言。
3.社会方言不等于地域方言。
五简答题（只要求简要回答，不要求分析举例）
⒈从形式上看句子的最大的特点是什么？
2.什么叫亲属语言？
六论述题
⒈举例论述什么叫组合关系，什么叫聚合关系？
⒉文字和语言的关系怎样？文字是怎样去记录语言的？